Regarding software

Audacity is Open-sourced, meaning it has a lot of developers that are constantly trying to improve it. Meaning it can function on low-end devices. It also has online community support that constantly provides continuous improvements and updates. Although Audacity has a simple interface for beginners, as you start to use it, its seemingly endless features and capabilities can start to feel overwhelming.

Also, some of its specific functionality requires paid third-party plugins that are quite expensive; when you consider that the app itself is free. It has great audio capture features, multitrack recording, software-modelled synthesizers, and an industry-leading audio production filter that enhances sounds with different effects. Aside from audio capture, it is also a great tool for composing music with a selection of virtual software instruments like keyboard, guitar, and drums.

However, With the Mainstage 2 application by Apple, the virtual instruments increase to 40! Garageband comes with free and paid pre-recorded music lessons for the guitar and piano. Garageband has an iPadOS, and an iOS version that has the same capabilities as its Mac variant, albeit with a few limitations like no pre-recorded music lessons, and a sound library with free downloadable content.

Garageband is easy to use, very intuitive and has a simple user interface. It comes built-in with Mac devices, and its virtual instruments make it a great tool for composing music. URL: Garageband. Adobe Audition is not just a voice recording software, but also to an extent, a digital audio workstation! Developed by Adobe inc, Adobe Audition stands out as a top audio recorder software.

However, Adobe Audition takes the already surplus features of Audacity up a notch but at a cost; it is quite expensive. Due to its powerful audio restoration capabilities that allow you to restore old or damaged recordings, and its multitrack recording that allows you to record sound simultaneously from multiple microphones, Adobe Audition is the go-to voice recording software for podcasts, vloggers, and voice over artists.

Adobe Audition allows you to edit waveforms in very tiny granules, making it possible to edit very precise moments in the recording. Its audio restoration abilities are definitely worth mentioning again. Being a popular audio editing software, there are a lot of readily available tutorials online, and you can customize its layout however you want to fit your style of work.

It is expensive and still lacks functions like virtual instruments that are needed to produce music. This makes it less ideal for musicians and music producers. Q: How does open source software relate to the Buy American Act? Q: Are OSS licenses legally enforceable? Q: What are the major types of open source software licenses? Q: How can you determine if different open source software licenses are compatible? Q: Can OSS licenses and approaches be used for material other than software?

Q: Is it more difficult to comply with OSS licenses than proprietary licenses? Q: Who can enforce OSS licenses? Q: What are indicators that a specific OSS program will have fewer unintentional vulnerabilities? Q: Is there a risk of malicious code becoming embedded into OSS? Q: What is the country of origin for software? Q: Is a lot of pre-existing open source software available?

What programs are already in widespread use? Q: What are some military-specific open source software programs? Q: How can I find open source software that meets my specific needs? Q: Is there any quantitative evidence that open source software can be as good as or better than proprietary software? Q: What are the risks of failing to consider the use of OSS components or approaches?

Q: Is there a large risk that widely-used OSS unlawfully includes proprietary software in violation of copyright? What are good practices for use of OSS in a larger system? Q: What are the risks of the government releasing software as OSS? Q: What are the risks of the government not releasing software as OSS?

Q: When can the U. Q: Can government employees develop software as part of their official duties and release it under an open source license? Q: Can government employees contribute code to open source software projects? Q: Can contractors develop software for the government and then release it under an open source license? Q: Can the government release software under an open source license if it was developed by contractors under government contract?

Q: Is there a standard marking for software where the government has unlimited rights? Q: Does releasing software under an OSS license count as commercialization? Q: How should I create an open source software project? Q: In what form should I release open source software? Q: Where can I release open source software that are new projects to the public? What is its relationship to OSS? The following organizations examine licenses; licenses should pass at least the first two industry review processes, and preferably all of them, else they have a greatly heightened risk of not being an open source software license: Open source software licenses are reviewed and approved as conforming to the Open Source Definition by the Open Source Initiative OSI.

The OSI publishes a list of licenses which have successfully gone through the approval process and comply with the Open Source Definition. Debian-legal also examines licenses for Debian to determine if they meet the Debian social contract ; the Debian license information lists licenses that are known to pass or not pass these criteria.

An update to this guidance is in coordination as of July This memorandum only applies to Navy and Marine Corps commands, but may be a useful reference for others. The Office of Management and Budget issued a memorandum providing guidance on software acquisition which specifically addressed open source software on 1 Jul US Army Regulation , paragraph This regulation only applies to the US Army, but may be a useful reference for others.

OSS projects typically seek financial gain in the form of improvements. OSS is typically developed through a collaborative process. Instead, users who are careful to use open standards can easily switch to a different implementation, including an OSS implementation. Open standards also make it easier for OSS developers to create their projects, because the standard itself helps developers know what to do. Creating any interface is an effort, and having a pre-defined standard helps reduce that effort greatly.

Note that open standards aid proprietary software in exactly the same way. Perhaps more importantly, by forcing there to be an implementation that others can examine in detail, resulting in better specifications that are more likely to be used. OSS programs can typically be simply downloaded and tried out, making it much easier for people to try it out and encouraging widespread use.

This also pressures proprietary implementations to limit their prices, and such lower prices for proprietary software also encourages use of the standard.

With practically no exceptions, successful open standards for software have OSS implementations. In such licenses, if you give someone a binary of the program, you are obligated to give them the source code perhaps upon request under the same terms.

There are two versions of the GPL in common use today: the older version 2, and the newer version 3. Weakly Protective aka weak copyleft : These licenses are a compromise between permissive and strongly protective licenses. These prevent the software component often a software library from becoming proprietary, yet permit it to be part of a larger proprietary program.

Indeed, vulnerability databases such as CVE make it clear that merely hiding source code does not counter attacks: Dynamic attacks e. Observing the output from inputs is often sufficient for attack. Static attacks e. Even if source code is necessary e. Such source code may not be adequate to cost-effectively maintain the software, but attackers need not maintain software.

Even when the original source is necessary for in-depth analysis, making source code available to the public significantly aids defenders and not just attackers. Continuous and broad peer-review, enabled by publicly available source code, improves software reliability and security through the identification and elimination of defects that might otherwise go unrecognized by the core development team.

Conversely, where source code is hidden from the public, attackers can attack the software anyway as described above. In addition, an attacker can often acquire the original source code from suppliers anyway either because the supplier voluntarily provides it, or via attacks against the supplier ; in such cases, if only the attacker has the source code, the attacker ends up with another advantage.

Knowledge is more important than the licensing scheme. People have to actually review the code. This has a reduced likelihood if the program is niche or rarely-used, has few developers, uses a rare computer language, or is not really OSS.

Conversely, if it widely-used, has many developers, and so on, the likelihood of review increases. Examine if it is truly community-developed - or if there are only a very few developers. Review really does happen. Several static tool vendors support analysis of OSS such as Coverity and Sonatype as a way to improve their tools and gain market use.

If there are reviewers from many different backgrounds e. When examining a specific OSS project, look for evidence that review both by humans and tools does take place. Problems must be fixed. It is far better to fix vulnerabilities before deployment - are such efforts occuring? When the software is already deployed, does the project develop and deploy fixes? Open Source as Alternative If you are looking for smaller pieces of code to reuse, search engines specifically for code may be helpful.

Examples include: Google code search Searchcode If you know of others who have similar needs, ask them for leads. Example: GPL software can be stored on the same computer disk as most kinds of proprietary software. Execution Mixing — GPL and other software can run at the same time on the same computer or network.

Application Mixing — GPL can rely on other software to provide it with services, provided either that those services are either generic e. Examples include GPL applications running on proprietary operating systems or wrappers, and GPL applications that use proprietary components explicitly marked as non-GPL.

Service Mixing — GPL can provide generic services to other software. These services must be genuinely generic in the sense that the applications that use them must not depend on the detailed design of the GPL software to work. This is the tightest form of mixing possible with GPL and other types of software, but it must be used with care to ensure that the GPL software remains generic and is not tightly bound to any one proprietary software component. The IDA Open Source Migration Guidelines recommend: before starting have a clear understanding of the reasons to migrate; ensure that there is active support for the change from IT staff and users; make sure that there is a champion for change — the higher up in the organisation the better; build up expertise and relationships with the OSS movement; start with non critical systems; ensure that each step in the migration is manageable.

It also suggests that the following questions need to be addressed: how to ensure the interoperability of systems; how to support mobile users; how to securely identify remote users; how to build systems that are manageable.

Factors that greatly reduce this risk include: Widespread availability and use of the software which increases the likelihood of detection Configuration management systems that record the identity of individual contributors which acts as a deterrent Licenses or development policies that warn against the unlawful inclusion of material, or require people to specifically assert that they are acting lawfully which reduce the risk of unintentional infringement Lack of evidence of infrigement e.

Prior art invalidates patents. Once an invention is released to the public, the inventor has only one year to file for a patent, so any new ideas in some software must have a patent filed within one year by that inventor, or in theory they cannot be patented.

McCullough OSS can often be purchased directly, or as a support contract , and such purchases often include some sort of indemnification. Various organizations have been formed to reduce patent risks for OSS. The following are good practices: Educate all software developers that they must comply with all valid licenses - including both proprietary and open source software licenses.

Explain the basic terms of the most common OSS licenses to them. Before including any software in a larger system be it proprietary or OSS , review its license to ensure that the license will not impede anticipated uses.

When including externally-developed software in a larger system e. Commercial software both proprietary and OSS is occasionally updated to fix errors including security vulnerabilities , and your system should be designed so that it is relatively easy to accept these updates. Document from where and when any external software was acquired, as well as the license conditions, so that future users and maintainers can easily comply with the license terms. Since Expect was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology by employees of the Federal Government in the course of their official duties, it is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

In this case, the government has the unenviable choice of 1 spending possibly large sums to switch to the new project which would typically have a radically different interface and goals , or 2 continuing to use the government-unique custom solution, which typically becomes obsolete and leaves the U. The Government has the rights to reproduce and release the item, and to authorize others to do so. The public release of the item is not restricted by other law or regulation, such as the Export Administration Regulations or the International Traffic in Arms Regulation, and the item qualifies for Distribution Statement A, per DoD Directive What contract applies, what are its terms, and what decisions have been made?

Do you have the necessary copyright-related rights? Do you have the necessary other intellectual rights e. Do you have permission to release to the public classification, distribution statements, export controls? Do you have the materials e. The following questions discuss some specific cases. Yes, but the following considerations apply: As stated above, software developed by government employees as part of their official duties is not subject to copyright protection in the United States.

It depends on the goals for the project, however, here are some guidelines: Public domain where required by law. Typically this will include source code version management system, a mailing list, and an issue tracker.

Use typical OSS infrastructure, tools, etc. Requiring the use of very unusual development tools may impede development, unless those tools provide a noticeable advantage.

The more potential users, the more potential developers. The released version Must run. Small-but-running is better than big-and-not. Establish vetting process es before government will use updated versions testing, etc. Determine if there will be a government-paid lead.

According to the U. The owner of the mark exercises control over the use of the mark; however, because the sole purpose of a certification mark is to indicate that certain standards have been met, use of the mark is by others.

However, there are advantages to registering a trademark, especially for enforcement. There is a fee for registering a trademark. You may only claim that a trademark is registered if it is actually registered. Record Dictations Record and share dictations with your typist from your computer using Express Dictate.

Voice Recorder Record voice or audio from your computer easily using RecordPad software and a microphone. Video and Screen Recorder Use Debut to capture videos from a webcam, your screen or a video capture device. Create How To videos, lectures or tutorials from computer screen recordings. It has now experienced failures. Then the current failure intensity will be The maximum effort distribution in phases of software development is A signal processor software is expected to operate for Then, the availability of the software is : Problems with waterfall model are Real projects rarely follow this model proposes2.

It is often difficult for the customer3. Working model is available only in the end4. Developers are delayed unnecessarily Complete each of the following sentences in List-I on the left hand side by filling in the word or phrase from the List-II on the right hand side that best completes the sentence:List-I List-III. Determining whether youhave built the right systemis called Software testingII. Determining whether youhave built the system rightis called Software verificationIII.

Software debuggingIV. P: The clean-room strategy to software engineering is based on the incremental software process model. List-1 List-III. Version A. An instance of a system that is distributed to customers. Release B.